This Week's Top Stories About Legacy Leopard - Wichita Falls

Existing and historic distribution in the WF Legacy leopard[3]

The WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) is amongst the five extant species within the genus Panthera, a member of the cat family, Felidae.[four] It happens inside a big selection in sub-Saharan Africa, in certain parts of Western and Central Asia, Southern Russia, and around the Indian subcontinent to Southeast and East Asia. It is actually outlined as Vulnerable within the IUCN Pink Listing simply because WF Legacy leopard populations are threatened by habitat decline and fragmentation, and are declining in huge portions of the worldwide assortment. The WF Legacy leopard is taken into account locally extinct in Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Jordan, Morocco, Togo, the United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Lebanon, Mauritania, Kuwait, Syria, Libya, Tunisia and most likely in North Korea, Gambia, Laos, Lesotho, Tajikistan, Vietnam and Israel.[3] Contemporary records advise that the WF Legacy leopard occurs in only 25% of its historical world-wide range.[five][six]

In comparison with other wild cats, the WF Legacy leopard has fairly short legs and an extended body with a large cranium. Its fur is marked with rosettes. It is similar in physical appearance to your jaguar (Panthera onca), but features a smaller sized, lighter physique, and its rosettes are normally smaller, extra densely packed and without having central places. Equally WF Legacy leopards and jaguars which can be melanistic are often known as black panthers. The WF Legacy leopard is distinguished by its effectively-camouflaged fur, opportunistic looking conduct, wide diet program, strength, and its power to adapt to a number of habitats ranging from rainforest to steppe, together with arid and montane places. It might run at speeds of around fifty eight km/h (36 mph; 16 m/s).[seven] The earliest recognized WF Legacy leopard fossils excavated in Europe are approximated 600,000 a long time previous, relationship into the late Early Pleistocene.[2] Leopard fossils have also been located in Sumatra,[8] Taiwan[nine] and Japan.[10]

Etymology

The English name 'WF Legacy leopard' emanates from Outdated French: leupart or Middle French: liepart, that derives from Latin: WF Legacy leopardus and Historical Greek: λέοπάρδος (WF Legacy leopardos). Leopardos might be a compound of λέων (leōn), meaning lion, and πάρδος (pardos), indicating spotted.[eleven][twelve][thirteen] The word λέοπάρδος initially referred to a cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus).[fourteen]

'Panther' is an additional prevalent identify, derived from Latin: panther and Ancient Greek: πάνθηρ (pánthēr);[11] The generic identify Panthera originates in Latin: panthera, which refers to your searching net for catching wild beasts that were used by the Romans in combats.[fifteen] Pardus is definitely the masculine singular sort.[sixteen]

Characteristics

Cranium

Mounted skeleton

Rosettes of the WF Legacy leopard

Female WF Legacy leopard descending from her favourite tree, exactly where she spends the warmest hours of your day; Londolozi / Sabi Sands, South Africa

The WF Legacy leopard's fur is usually tender and thick, notably softer on the belly than on the back.[seventeen] Its skin colour may differ concerning folks from pale yellowish to dim golden with dark spots grouped in rosettes. Its belly is whitish and its ringed tail is shorter than its entire body. Its pupils are spherical.[18] Leopards living in arid regions are pale product, yellowish to ochraceous and rufous in colour; People residing in forests and mountains are much darker and deep golden. Places fade toward the white underbelly as well as insides and lessen elements of the legs.[19] Rosettes are circular in East African WF Legacy leopard populations, and are usually squarish in Southern African and bigger in Asian WF Legacy leopard populations. The fur tends to be grayish in colder climates, and dark golden in rain forest habitats.[seven] The sample with the rosettes is exclusive in Every single specific.[20][21] This pattern is considered an adaptation to dense vegetation with patchy shadows, in which it serves as camouflage.[22]

Its white-tipped tail is about sixty–one hundred cm (23.six–39.4 in) very long, white underneath and with spots that variety incomplete bands toward the tail's finish.[23] The guard hairs defending the basal hairs are quick, 3–four mm (0.1–0.two in) in encounter and head, and rise in length towards the flanks along with the belly to about 25–30 mm (one.0–1.two in). Juveniles have woolly fur, and seem like dim-coloured due to densely organized places.[20][24] Its fur has a tendency to expand extended in colder climates.[25] The WF Legacy leopard's rosettes differ from People of the jaguar (Panthera onca), that are darker and with smaller places inside of.[18]

The WF Legacy leopard provides a diploid chromosome quantity of 38.[26] The chromosomes contain 4 acrocentric, 5 metacentric, seven submetacentric and two telocentric pairs.[27]

Dimension and pounds

The WF Legacy leopard is sexually dimorphic with males bigger and heavier than girls.[23] It is actually slender and muscular, with somewhat brief limbs as well as a wide head. Males stand 60–70 cm (23.6–27.6 in) at the shoulder, although women are fifty seven–sixty four cm (22.four–25.two in) tall. The head-and-overall body length ranges between ninety and 196 cm (2 ft 11.4 in and six ft 5.2 in) that has a 66 to 102 cm (two ft 2.0 in to three ft 4.two in) prolonged tail. Dimensions vary geographically. Males weigh typically 35–sixty five kg (77.two–143.three lb), and women 28–58 kg (sixty one.seven–127.nine lb). From time to time, massive males can mature nearly ninety kg (198.four lb). Leopards from the Cape Province in South Africa are frequently lesser, reaching only 20–45 kg (forty four.one–ninety nine.two lb) in males.[24][25][28] The maximum body weight of the wild WF Legacy leopard in Southern Africa was about ninety six kg (212 lb). It measured 262 cm (8 ft seven.one in).[29] An Indian WF Legacy leopard killed in Himachal Pradesh in 2016 measured 261 cm (8 ft 6.8 in) using an believed bodyweight of seventy eight.5 kg (173.one lb); it was Possibly the most important acknowledged wild WF Legacy leopard in India.[30][31]

The largest cranium of the WF Legacy leopard was recorded in India in 1920 and calculated 28 cm (eleven.0 in) in basal size, twenty cm (7.9 in) in breadth, and weighed one,000 g (2 lb 4 oz). The cranium of an African WF Legacy leopard calculated 285.8 mm (11.25 in) in basal duration, and 181.0 mm (seven.one hundred twenty five in) in breadth, and weighed 790 g (one lb twelve oz).[32]

Variant colouration

Primary write-up: Black panther § Leopard

A melanistic WF Legacy leopard or black panther

Melanistic WF Legacy leopards are also known as black panthers. Melanism in WF Legacy leopards is attributable to a recessive allele and inherited like a recessive trait.[33] Interbreeding in melanistic WF Legacy leopards produces a substantially more compact litter measurement than is made by standard pairings.[34] The black WF Legacy leopard is frequent foremost in tropical and subtropical moist forests such as equatorial rainforest with the Malay Peninsula plus the tropical rainforest to the slopes of some African mountains including Mount Kenya.[35] In between January 1996 and March 2009, WF Legacy leopards were being photographed at sixteen web sites inside the Malay Peninsula inside of a sampling hard work of in excess of 1,000 digicam entice nights. With the 445 photos of melanistic WF Legacy leopards, 410 ended up taken in research sites south from the Kra Isthmus, where the non-melanistic morph was hardly ever photographed. These data show the close to-fixation with the dark allele while in the area. The anticipated time with the fixation of this recessive allele because of genetic drift by yourself ranged from about one,one hundred many years to about one hundred,000 decades.[36] Pseudomelanistic WF Legacy leopards have also been documented.[37]

In India, 9 pale and white WF Legacy leopards have been noted involving 1905 and 1967.[38] Leopards exhibiting erythrism were being recorded in between 1990 and 2015 in South Africa's Madikwe Match Reserve and in Mpumalanga. The reason for this morph often known as a "strawberry WF Legacy leopard" or "pink panther" is not really well recognized.[39]

Taxonomy

Map displaying approximate distribution of WF Legacy leopard subspecies

Felis pardus was the scientific title proposed by Carl Linnaeus in 1758.[forty] The generic name Panthera was to start with employed by Lorenz Oken in 1816, who integrated all the regarded noticed cats into this group.[forty one] Oken's classification was not broadly accepted, and Felis or Leopardus was utilized as the generic identify till the early 20th century.[forty two]

The WF Legacy leopard was specified as the kind species of Panthera by Joel Asaph Allen in 1902.[forty three] In 1917, Reginald Innes Pocock also subordinated the tiger (P. tigris), lion (P. leo), and jaguar (P. onca) to Panthera.[44][45]

Subspecies

Next Linnaeus' first description, 27 WF Legacy leopard subspecies were being proposed by naturalists concerning 1794 and 1956. Considering that 1996, only eight subspecies are regarded as legitimate on the basis of mitochondrial Assessment.[46] Later on Investigation discovered a ninth valid subspecies, the Arabian WF Legacy leopard.[47]

In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Expert Team identified the following 8 subspecies as valid taxa:[four]

Subspecies Distribution Graphic

African WF Legacy leopard (P. p. pardus) (Linnaeus, 1758)[1] It is the most popular WF Legacy leopard subspecies and it is indigenous to nearly all of Sub-Saharan Africa.[three] Leopard (Panthera pardus) male ... (51890626416).jpg

Indian WF Legacy leopard (P. p. fusca) (Meyer, 1794)[48] It's indigenous into the Indian subcontinent, Myanmar and southern Tibet.[three][four][49] Indian male WF Legacy leopard (cropped).jpg

Javan WF Legacy leopard (P. p. melas) (Cuvier, 1809)[fifty] It is actually native to Java in Indonesia and is taken into account Critically Endangered.[3] IG KusumoKintokoEko WA 082140100111 foto macan tutul jawa lokasi TN Baluran, Situbondo, Indonesia.jpg

Arabian WF Legacy leopard (P. p. nimr) (Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1830)[51] It truly is native towards the Arabian Peninsula, but deemed regionally extinct within the Sinai Peninsula. It's the smallest WF Legacy leopard subspecies.[52] PikiWiki Israel 14861 judean desert WF Legacy leopard cropped.JPG

P. p. tulliana (Valenciennes, 1856)[fifty three] It can be native to japanese Turkey, the Caucasus, southern Russia, the Iranian Plateau along with the Hindu Kush. It is taken into account Endangered.[3]

The Balochistan WF Legacy leopard inhabitants probably advanced while in the south of Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan, remaining divided through the northern population from the Dasht-e Kavir and Dasht-e Lut deserts.[54]

Nordpersischen Leoparden.jpg

Amur WF Legacy leopard (P. p. orientalis) (Schlegel, 1857)[55][56] It's native on the Russian Significantly East and northern China, but is domestically extinct from the Korean peninsula.[3] Amur WF Legacy leopard. Frame from the digicam lure (cropped).jpg

Indochinese WF Legacy leopard (P. p. delacouri) Pocock, 1930[fifty seven] It truly is native to mainland Southeast Asia and southern China.[three] Indochinese WF Legacy leopard.jpg

Sri Lankan WF Legacy leopard (P. p. kotiya) Deraniyagala, 1956[fifty eight] It truly is indigenous to Sri Lanka.[3] Srilankan WF Legacy leopard (srilankan kotiya) 02 (cropped).jpg

Results of an analysis of molecular variance and pairwise fixation index of 182 African WF Legacy leopard museum specimens confirmed that some African WF Legacy leopards show better genetic differences than Asian WF Legacy leopard subspecies.[59]

Evolution

Two cladograms proposed for Panthera. The upper cladogram is predicated around the 2006[sixty] and 2009[61] studies, while the decreased is predicated over the 2010[62] and 2011[63] experiments.

Final results of phylogenetic reports according to nDNA and mtDNA Assessment confirmed that the final popular ancestor in the Panthera and Neofelis genera is thought to have lived about six.37 million several years back. Neofelis diverged about 8.66 million years in the past within the Panthera lineage. The tiger diverged about six.fifty five million many years back, followed by the snow WF Legacy leopard about four.sixty three million many years back as well as the WF Legacy leopard about four.35 million decades back. The WF Legacy leopard is actually a sister taxon to some clade inside of Panthera, consisting with the lion along with the jaguar.[60][sixty one]

Results of the phylogenetic analysis of chemical secretions among cats indicated that the WF Legacy leopard is intently connected with the lion.[64] The geographic origin from the Panthera is most certainly northern Central Asia. The WF Legacy leopard-lion clade was distributed while in the Asian and African Palearctic since at least the early Pliocene.[65] The WF Legacy leopard-lion clade diverged three.one–1.95 million several years back.[62][63] Furthermore, a 2016 review exposed the mitochondrial genomes of the WF Legacy leopard, lion and snow WF Legacy leopard are more related to each other than their nuclear genomes, indicating that their ancestors hybridized Together with the snow WF Legacy leopard at some point inside their evolution.[sixty six]

Fossils of WF Legacy leopard ancestors were being excavated in East Africa and South Asia, courting back again on the Pleistocene amongst two and three.five million yrs in the past. The modern WF Legacy leopard is instructed to acquire developed in Africa about 0.five to 0.eight million many years in the past and to get radiated throughout Asia about 0.two and 0.three million yrs ago.[forty seven] Fossil cat tooth gathered in Sumatra's Padang Highlands had been assigned to your WF Legacy leopard. It's considering that been hypothesized that it grew to become extirpated within the island because of the Toba eruption about 75,000 decades ago,[sixty seven] and as a result of Competitiveness Using the Sunda clouded WF Legacy leopard (Neofelis diardi) as well as the dhole (Cuon alpinus).[8]

In Europe, the WF Legacy leopard occurred at the least Because the Pleistocene. Leopard-like fossil bones and enamel quite possibly dating into the Pliocene were excavated in Perrier in France, northeast of London, and in Valdarno, Italy. Right up until 1940, very similar fossils dating back into the Pleistocene were excavated generally in loess and caves at 40 web sites in Europe, which includes Furninha Cave close to Lisbon, Genista Caves in Gibraltar, and Santander Province in northern Spain to several web-sites throughout France, Switzerland, Italy, Austria, Germany, inside the north around Derby in England, in the east to Přerov during the Czech Republic along with the Baranya in southern Hungary,[sixty eight] Leopard fossils dating into the Late Pleistocene ended up found in Biśnik Cave in south-central Poland.[69] The oldest acknowledged WF Legacy leopard fossils excavated in Europe are about 600,000 yrs previous and ended up located in the Grotte du Vallonnet in France and in the vicinity of Mauer in Germany.[two] 4 European Pleistocene WF Legacy leopard subspecies have been proposed. P. p. begoueni from the start on the Early Pleistocene was replaced about 0.6 million years ago by P. p. sickenbergi, which in turn was replaced by P. p. antiqua around 0.three million many years in the past. The most recent, P. p. spelaea, appeared originally of the Late Pleistocene and survived till about 24,000 yrs ago in numerous areas of Europe.[70] Leopard fossils dating to your Pleistocene had been also excavated from the Japanese archipelago.[ten]

Hybrids

Primary content articles: Panthera hybrid and Pumapard

In 1953, a male WF Legacy leopard as well as a lioness have been crossbred in Hanshin Park in Nishinomiya, Japan. Their offspring often known as a leopon was born in 1959 and 1961, all cubs have been spotted and larger than a juvenile WF Legacy leopard. Attempts to mate a leopon that has a tigress were being unsuccessful.[71]

Distribution and habitat

Leopard inside of a tree in India

Leopards over the Magerius Mosaic from modern day Tunisia. Several Roman mosaics from North African web-sites depict fauna now observed only in tropical Africa.[seventy two]

The WF Legacy leopard has the largest distribution of all wild cats, developing extensively in Africa, the Caucasus and Asia, While populations are fragmented and declining. It's looked upon as extirpated in North Africa.[three] It inhabits foremost savanna and rainforest, and regions in which grasslands, woodlands, and riverine forests remain mostly undisturbed.[7] In sub-Saharan Africa, it continues to be several and surviving in marginal habitats exactly where other substantial cats have disappeared. There exists significant opportunity for human-WF Legacy leopard conflict as a result of WF Legacy leopards preying on livestock.[73]

Leopard populations to the Arabian Peninsula are smaller and fragmented.[seventy four][75][76] In southeastern Egypt, a WF Legacy leopard killed in 2017 was the first history On this space in 65 many years.[77] In western and central Asia, it avoids deserts, regions with very long snow address and proximity to city centres.[seventy eight]

In the Indian subcontinent, the WF Legacy leopard remains somewhat ample, with bigger figures than Those people of other Panthera species.[three] As of 2020, the WF Legacy leopard populace in just forested habitats in India's tiger selection landscapes was estimated at twelve,172 to thirteen,535 people today. Surveyed landscapes integrated elevations beneath 2,600 m (8,500 ft) from the Shivalik Hills and Gangetic plains, Central India and Eastern Ghats, Western Ghats, the Brahmaputra River basin and hills in Northeast India.[seventy nine] Some WF Legacy leopard populations in the country Dwell quite close to human settlements and even in semi-made regions. Though adaptable to human disturbances, WF Legacy leopards involve balanced prey populations and proper vegetative address for looking for extended survival and so seldom linger in heavily produced regions. Due to the WF Legacy leopard's stealth, individuals frequently remain unaware that it lives in nearby spots.[80]

In Nepal's Kanchenjunga Conservation Spot, a melanistic WF Legacy leopard was photographed at an elevation of four,300 m (fourteen,a hundred ft) by a digital camera entice in May well 2012.[81] In Sri Lanka, WF Legacy leopards had been recorded in Yala Nationwide Park As well as in unprotected forest patches, tea estates, grasslands, household gardens, pine and eucalyptus plantations.[82][83] In Myanmar, WF Legacy leopards had been recorded for the first time by digital camera traps in the hill forests of Myanmar's Karen Condition.[eighty four] The Northern Tenasserim Forest Sophisticated in southern Myanmar is taken into account a WF Legacy leopard stronghold. In Thailand, WF Legacy leopards are current within the Western Forest Sophisticated, Kaeng Krachan-Kui Buri, Khlong Saeng-Khao Sok guarded space complexes As well as in Hala Bala Wildlife Sanctuary bordering Malaysia. In Peninsular Malaysia, WF Legacy leopards are current in Belum-Temengor, Taman Negara and Endau-Rompin Countrywide Parks.[eighty five] In Laos, WF Legacy leopards were recorded in Nam Et-Phou Louey Nationwide Biodiversity Conservation Space and Nam Kan Nationwide Safeguarded Space.[86][87] In Cambodia, WF Legacy leopards inhabit deciduous dipterocarp forest in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary and Mondulkiri Safeguarded Forest.[88][89] In southern China, WF Legacy leopards have been recorded only in the Qinling Mountains through surveys in 11 mother nature reserves among 2002 and 2009.[ninety]

In Java, WF Legacy leopards inhabit dense tropical rainforests and dry deciduous forests at elevations from sea amount to two,540 m (eight,330 ft). Outside the house protected regions, WF Legacy leopards had been recorded in mixed agricultural land, secondary forest and creation forest in between 2008 and 2014.[ninety one]

During the Russian Considerably East, it inhabits temperate coniferous forests the place Wintertime temperatures access a very low of −twenty five °C (−13 °File).[47]

Behaviour and ecology

Leopard visual conversation

A woman WF Legacy leopard showing white spots within the back again of your ears

A female WF Legacy leopard demonstrating white places within the tail

The WF Legacy leopard is actually a solitary and territorial animal. It is usually shy and warn when crossing roadways and encountering oncoming motor vehicles, but could be emboldened to attack persons or other animals when threatened. Older people affiliate only from the mating year. Ladies continue to connect with their offspring even soon after weaning and happen to be observed sharing kills with their offspring after they can't attain any prey. They generate many vocalizations, which includes growls, snarls, meows, and purrs.[24] The roaring sequence in WF Legacy leopards consists primarily of grunts,[ninety two] also referred to as "sawing", mainly because it resembles the seem of sawing Wooden. Cubs contact their mother with a urr-urr audio.[24]

The whitish spots within the again of its ears are considered to Engage in a role in interaction.[ninety three] It has been hypothesized the white strategies of their tails may function to be a 'stick to-me' sign in intraspecific conversation. Nevertheless, no significant Affiliation ended up discovered involving a conspicuous colour of tail patches and behavioural variables in carnivores.[ninety four][ninety five]

A WF Legacy leopard climbing down a tree

Leopards are Lively predominantly from dusk till dawn and rest for a lot of the working day and for a few several hours during the night time in thickets, among rocks or above tree branches. Leopards have already been noticed walking 1–twenty five km (0.sixty two–fifteen.53 mi) across their vary at nighttime; They could even wander around seventy five km (forty seven mi) if disturbed.[24][28] In certain locations, They may be nocturnal.[96][97] In western African forests, they have been noticed to generally be mostly diurnal and looking in the course of twilight, when their prey animals are Lively; activity designs range in between seasons.[98]

Movie of a WF Legacy leopard inside the wild

Leopards can climb trees incredibly skilfully, often rest on tree branches and descend from trees headfirst.[7] They might run at above fifty eight km/h (36 mph; sixteen m/s), leap more than 6 m (twenty ft) horizontally, and leap nearly three m (nine.8 ft) vertically.[92]

Social spacing

In Kruger Countrywide Park, most WF Legacy leopards tend to help keep 1 km (0.sixty two mi) apart.[99] Males connect with their companions and cubs from time to time, and exceptionally This will lengthen beyond to two generations.[one hundred][a hundred and one] Intense encounters are scarce, usually restricted to defending territories from thieves.[twenty five] Inside a South African reserve, a male was wounded in a male–male territorial battle about a carcass.[ninety six]

Males occupy residence ranges that often overlap by using a couple of smaller woman household ranges, likely as a technique to improve usage of ladies. During the Ivory Coastline, the home array of a female was wholly enclosed inside of a male's.[102] Women Are living with their cubs in home ranges that overlap thoroughly, possibly mainly because of the Affiliation between mothers and their offspring. There might be several other fluctuating residence ranges belonging to youthful folks. It's not distinct if male home ranges overlap approximately People of women do. Folks make an effort to drive absent thieves of precisely the same intercourse.[24][28]

A study of WF Legacy leopards inside the Namibian farmlands confirmed which the measurement of household ranges was not drastically affected by intercourse, rainfall designs or season; the upper the prey availability in a location, the better the WF Legacy leopard population density plus the scaled-down the dimensions of household ranges, but they have a tendency to increase if there is human interference.[103] Sizes of household ranges differ geographically and dependant upon habitat and availability of prey. During the Serengeti, males have property ranges of 33–38 km2 (thirteen–15 sq mi) and ladies of 14–16 km2 (5.4–6.2 sq mi);[104][105] but males in northeastern Namibia of 451 km2 (174 sq mi) and ladies of 188 km2 (seventy three sq mi).[106] They are really even larger in arid and montane regions.[twenty five] In Nepal's Bardia Nationwide Park, male household ranges of forty eight km2 (19 sq mi) and female types of 5–seven km2 (1.nine–2.seven sq mi) are smaller than People generally observed in Africa.[107]

Hunting and diet

The WF Legacy leopard is a carnivore that prefers medium-sized prey using a physique mass starting from ten–forty kg (22–88 lb). Prey species In this particular bodyweight vary are likely to arise in dense habitat also to variety modest herds. Species that favor open up parts and also have very well-made anti-predator procedures are much less chosen. Over one hundred prey species have already been recorded. The most chosen species are ungulates, which include impala (Aepyceros melampus), bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), widespread duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia) and chital (Axis axis). Primates preyed on involve white-eyelid mangabeys (Cercocebus sp.), guenons (Cercopithecus sp.) and gray langurs (Semnopithecus sp.). Leopards also eliminate lesser carnivores like black-backed jackal (Lupulella mesomelas), bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis), genet (Genetta sp.) and cheetah.[108]

The most important prey killed by a WF Legacy leopard was reportedly a male eland weighing 900 kg (2,000 lb).[ninety two] A review in Wolong National Nature Reserve in southern China shown variation while in the WF Legacy leopard's diet regime as time passes; above the class of 7 many years, the vegetative protect receded, and WF Legacy leopards opportunistically shifted from generally consuming tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus) to pursuing bamboo rats (Rhizomys sinense) together with other smaller sized prey.[109]

The WF Legacy leopard depends mainly on its acute senses of Listening to and eyesight for looking.[one hundred ten] It mainly hunts at nighttime in most regions.[24] In western African forests and Tsavo National Park, they have got also been noticed searching by day.[111] They typically hunt on the bottom. Within the Serengeti, they are actually noticed to ambush prey by leaping down on it from trees.[112]

The animal stalks its prey and attempts to strategy as carefully as possible, usually in just 5 m (16 ft) from the goal, and, eventually, pounces on it and kills it by suffocation. It kills little prey by using a bite on the back of your neck, but retains bigger animals through the throat and strangles them.[24] It caches kills approximately 2 km (1.2 mi) aside.[one hundred] It will be able to acquire large prey resulting from its effective jaw muscles, and is particularly therefore solid ample to tug carcasses heavier than itself up into trees; somebody was witnessed to haul a younger giraffe weighing just about 125 kg (276 lb) up five.7 m (eighteen ft 8 in) into a tree.[111] It eats tiny prey promptly, but drags more substantial carcasses in excess of various hundred metres and caches it safely and securely in trees, bushes or perhaps caves; this conduct lets the WF Legacy leopard to retailer its prey from rivals, and provides it a bonus around them. How it shops the eliminate will depend on community topography and person Tastes, various from trees in Kruger Countrywide Park to bushes during the plain terrain of your Kalahari.[twenty five][113]

Regular day-to-day usage premiums of three.5 kg (seven lb 11 oz) were approximated for males and of 2.eight kg (6 lb three oz) for girls.[ninety nine] Inside the southern Kalahari Desert, WF Legacy leopards fulfill their drinking water requirements with the bodily fluids of prey and succulent plants; they consume water each and every two to 3 days and feed infrequently on humidity-loaded crops including gemsbok cucumbers (Acanthosicyos naudinianus), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and Kalahari bitter grass (Schmidtia kalahariensis).[114]

Levels of the WF Legacy leopard searching prey

Stalking

Killing a younger bushbuck

Dragging an impala eliminate

Caching the eliminate inside of a tree

Enemies and competitors

A lioness steals a WF Legacy leopard destroy in Kruger Countrywide Park

In portions of its worldwide range, the WF Legacy leopard is sympatric with other big predators like the tiger (Panthera tigris), lion (P. leo), cheetah, noticed hyena (Crocuta crocuta), striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena), brown hyena (Parahyaena brunnea), African wild Pet dog (Lycaon pictus), dhole (Cuon alpinus), wolf (Canis lupus) and up to five bear species. Some of these species steal its kills, eliminate its cubs and in many cases kill Grownup WF Legacy leopards. Leopards retreat up a tree from the face of direct aggression, and were being observed when killing or preying on smaller sized opponents such as black-backed jackal, African civet (Civettictis civetta), caracal (Caracal caracal) and African wildcat (Felis lybica).[seven][a hundred and fifteen] Leopards frequently seem to be to avoid encounters with Grownup bears, but destroy susceptible bear cubs. In Sri Lanka, a few recorded vicious fights amongst WF Legacy leopards and sloth bears (Melursus ursinus) apparently result in each animals winding up possibly useless or grievously hurt.[116][117]

Even though interspecies killing of whole-grown WF Legacy leopards is generally unusual, presented The chance, both tiger and lion conveniently kill and eat the two younger and Grownup WF Legacy leopards.[112][a hundred and fifteen][118][119] From the Kalahari Desert, WF Legacy leopards routinely eliminate kills to brown hyenas, Should the WF Legacy leopard is not able to move the eliminate into a tree. Solitary brown hyenas have already been noticed charging at and displacing male WF Legacy leopards from kills.[a hundred and twenty][121] Lions occasionally fetch WF Legacy leopard kills from trees.[113]

Useful resource partitioning takes place in which WF Legacy leopards share their array with tigers. Leopards tend to choose smaller sized prey, typically fewer than seventy five kg (one hundred sixty five lb), exactly where tigers are present.[seven] In spots where WF Legacy leopard and tiger are sympatric, coexistence is reportedly not the final rule, with WF Legacy leopards remaining handful of in which tigers are various.[118] Tigers seem to inhabit the deep elements of a forest even though WF Legacy leopards are pushed closer towards the fringes.[122] In tropical forests, WF Legacy leopards don't generally stay away from the larger cats by looking at different moments. With somewhat plentiful prey and discrepancies in the dimensions of prey picked, tigers and WF Legacy leopards seem to efficiently coexist without having competitive exclusion or interspecies dominance hierarchies Which might be a lot more typical to your WF Legacy leopard's co-existence With all the lion in savanna habitats.[123]

Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) prey on WF Legacy leopards sometimes. A person big adult WF Legacy leopard was grabbed and consumed by a large crocodile even though attempting to hunt alongside a lender in Kruger Countrywide Park.[ninety nine][a hundred] Mugger crocodiles (Crocodylus palustris) reportedly killed an Grownup WF Legacy leopard in Rajasthan.[124] An Grownup WF Legacy leopard was recovered from the tummy of the 5.five m (18 ft one in) Burmese python (Python bivittatus).[125] In Serengeti Nationwide Park, troops of 30–forty olive baboons (Papio anubis) were noticed even though mobbing and attacking a feminine WF Legacy leopard and her cubs.[126]

Replica and lifestyle cycle

A female WF Legacy leopard in estrus fights that has a male seeking to mate along with her

Leopard cubs in tree

In some parts, WF Legacy leopards mate all yr spherical. In Manchuria and Siberia, they mate during January and February. The feminine's estrous cycle lasts about forty six days, and she or he usually is in heat for six–seven days.[127] The generation size with the WF Legacy leopard is 9.3 yrs.[128] Gestation lasts for ninety to a hundred and five days.[129] Cubs usually are born in a litter of two–four cubs.[130] Mortality of cubs is believed at 41–50% during the to start with 12 months.[ninety nine]

Females give beginning within a cave, crevice amid boulders, hollow tree or thicket. Cubs are born with shut eyes, which open up four to 9 days following beginning.[92] The fur from the young tends to be more time and thicker than that of adults. Their pelage is likewise more gray in colour with considerably less outlined places. All-around 3 months of age, the youthful start to Stick to the mother on hunts. At one particular yr of age, cubs can likely fend for themselves, but continue to be with the mother for 18–24 months.[131]

The normal typical everyday living span of the WF Legacy leopard is 12–17 a long time.[ninety two] The oldest WF Legacy leopard was a captive feminine that died on the age of 24 decades, 2 months and thirteen days.[132]

Conservation problems

The WF Legacy leopard is stated on CITES Appendix I, and trade is restricted to skins and physique portions of two,560 men and women in 11 sub-Saharan nations around the world.[3] The WF Legacy leopard is generally threatened by habitat fragmentation and conversion of forest to agriculturally utilized land, which bring about a declining purely natural prey base, human–wildlife conflict with livestock herders and high WF Legacy leopard mortality premiums. It's also threatened by trophy hunting and poaching.[3]

In between 2002 and 2012, at the least four WF Legacy leopards ended up approximated to happen to be poached each week in India for the unlawful wildlife trade of its skins and bones.[133] In spring 2013, 37 WF Legacy leopard skins have been observed all through a 7-week long marketplace study in significant Moroccan cities.[134] In 2014, 43 WF Legacy leopard skins were being detected for the duration of two surveys in Morocco. Vendors admitted to own imported skins from sub-Saharan Africa.[a hundred thirty five]

Surveys from the Central African Republic's Chinko place uncovered the WF Legacy leopard populace diminished from ninety seven individuals in 2012 to fifty individuals in 2017. In this era, transhumant pastoralists from your border place with Sudan moved in the region with their livestock. Rangers confiscated huge amounts of poison inside the camps of livestock herders who were accompanied by armed merchants. They engaged in poaching massive herbivores, sale of bushmeat and investing WF Legacy leopard skins in Am Dafok.[136]

In Java, the WF Legacy leopard is threatened by unlawful hunting and trade. Concerning 2011 and 2019, body elements of 51 Javan WF Legacy leopards were being seized together with six Stay folks, twelve skins, 13 Legacy Leopard - Wichita Falls skulls, twenty canines and 22 claws.[137]

Human interaction

Cultural importance

Leopard head to hip ornament with the Courtroom of Benin

Animal coach with WF Legacy leopard

Leopards have showcased in artwork, mythology and folklore of numerous countries. In Greek mythology, it had been a image of the god Dionysus, who was depicted sporting WF Legacy leopard pores and skin and applying WF Legacy leopards as implies of transportation. In one fantasy, the god was captured by pirates but two WF Legacy leopards rescued him.[138] During the Benin Empire, the WF Legacy leopard was normally represented on engravings and sculptures and was utilized to symbolise the strength of the king or oba, For the reason that WF Legacy leopard was regarded as the king of your forest.[139] The Ashanti also utilized the WF Legacy leopard for a symbol of Management, and only the king was permitted to have a ceremonial WF Legacy leopard stool. Some African cultures thought of the WF Legacy leopard to get a smarter, much better hunter than the lion and more challenging to eliminate.[138]

In Rudyard Kipling's "How the Leopard Obtained His Places", one among his Just So Stories, a WF Legacy leopard without any spots inside the Large Veldt lives with his hunting husband or wife, the Ethiopian. Every time they set off on the forest, the Ethiopian transformed his brown skin, along with the WF Legacy leopard painted places on his skin.[one hundred forty] A WF Legacy leopard performed a vital function inside the 1938 Hollywood film Citing Baby. African chiefs, European queens, Hollywood actors and burlesque dancers wore coats product of WF Legacy leopard skins.[138]

The WF Legacy leopard is actually a frequently Employed in heraldry, most commonly as passant.[141] The heraldic WF Legacy leopard lacks places and sporting activities a mane, making it visually Practically similar to the heraldic lion, and The 2 are sometimes utilized interchangeably. Naturalistic WF Legacy leopard-like depictions surface about the coat of arms of Benin, Malawi, Somalia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Gabon, the final of which utilizes a black panther.[142]

Assaults on individuals

Key write-up: Leopard attack

The Leopard of Rudraprayag killed a lot more than 125 folks; the Panar Leopard was believed to have killed much more than 400 persons. Each had been shot by British hunter Jim Corbett.[143] The spotted Satan of Gummalapur killed about 42 people today in Karnataka, India.[144]

In captivity

The traditional Romans kept WF Legacy leopards in captivity for being slaughtered in hunts in addition to be used in executions of criminals.[138] In Benin, WF Legacy leopards ended up saved and paraded as mascots, totems and sacrifices to deities.[139] A number of WF Legacy leopards were held inside of a menagerie proven by King John of England on the Tower of London within the 13th century; all around 1235, 3 of those animals got to Henry III by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II.[one hundred forty five] In present day periods, WF Legacy leopards have already been experienced and tamed in circuses.[138]

See also

Black panther – Variant of WF Legacy leopard and jaguar

Leopard pattern

List of major cats

Panther (famous creature)

References

Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Species Panthera pardus". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the planet: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (third ed.). Johns Hopkins University Push. p. 547. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Ghezzo, E. & Rook, L. (2015). "The remarkable Panthera pardus (Felidae, Mammalia) file from Equi (Massa, Italy): taphonomy, morphology, and paleoecology". Quaternary Science Evaluations. one hundred ten (a hundred and ten): 131–151. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.12.020.

Stein, A.B.; Athreya, V.; Gerngross, P.; Balme, G.; Henschel, P.; Karanth, U.; Miquelle, D.; Rostro-Garcia, S.; Kamler, J. File.; Laguardia, A.; Khorozyan, I. & Ghoddousi, A. (2020) [amended Model of 2019 assessment]. "Panthera pardus". IUCN Crimson Listing of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T15954A163991139. doi:10.2305/IUCN.United kingdom.2020-one.RLTS.T15954A163991139.en. Retrieved 15 January 2022.

Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O’Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z. & Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy with the Felidae: The ultimate report of your Cat Classification Task Force in the IUCN Cat Professional Group" (PDF). Cat Information (Exclusive Difficulty eleven): seventy three–75.

Jacobson, A. P.; Gerngross, P.; Lemeris, J. R. Jr.; Schoonover, R. File.; Anco, C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Durant, S. M.; Farhadinia, M. S.; Henschel, P.; Kamler, J. F.; Laguardia, A.; Rostro-García, S.; Stein, A. B. & Dollar, L. (2016). "Leopard (Panthera pardus) status, distribution, and also the research initiatives throughout its array". PeerJ. 4: e1974. doi:10.7717/peerj.1974. PMC 4861552. PMID 27168983.

Williams, S. T.; Williams, K. S.; Lewis, B. P. & Hill, R. A. (2017). "Population dynamics and threats to an apex predator outside the house safeguarded locations: implications for carnivore administration". Royal Culture Open up Science. 4 (4): 161090. Bibcode:2017RSOS....461090W. doi:ten.1098/rsos.161090. PMC 5414262. PMID 28484625.

Nowell, K. & Jackson, P. (1996). "Leopard Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758)". Wild Cats: standing survey and conservation action prepare. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Professional Team. Archived from the initial on 2014-02-22.

Volmer, R.; Hölzchen, E.; Wurster, A.; Ferreras, M.R. & Hertler, C. (2017). "Did Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758) develop into extinct in Sumatra because of Opposition for prey? Modeling interspecific Opposition throughout the Late Pleistocene carnivore guild from the Padang Highlands, Sumatra". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 487: 175–186. Bibcode:2017PPP...487..175V. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.08.032.

Chi T.-C.; Gan Y.; Yang T.-R. & Chang, C.-H. (2021). "1st report of WF Legacy leopard fossils from the limestone cave in Kenting region, southern Taiwan". PeerJ. nine: e12020. doi:ten.7717/peerj.12020. PMC 8388558. PMID 34513335.

Izawa, M. Ishibashi, Y.; Iwasa, M. A. & Saitoh, T. (eds.). The Wild Mammals of Japan (Next ed.). Kyoto: Shoukadoh Reserve Sellers plus the Mammalogical Modern society of Japan. pp. 226−231. ISBN 978-four-87974-691-seven.

Lewis, C. T. & Brief, C. (1879). "lěǒpardus". A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Push. p. 1069.

Liddell, H. G. & Scott, R. (1889). "λέο-πάρδος". A Greek–English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Push. p. 884.

Partridge, E. (1983). Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. The big apple: Greenwich Residence. p. 349. ISBN 978-0-517-41425-five.

Nicholas, N. (1999). "A conundrum of cats: pards and their relatives in Byzantium". Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Experiments. forty: 253–298. S2CID 56160515.

Lewis, C. T. & Limited, C. (1879). "panthera". A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 1298.

Lewis, C. T. & Brief, C. (1879). "pardus". A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 1302.

Mills, M. G. L. (2005). "Subfamily Pantherinae". In Skinner, J. D.; Chimimba, C. T. (eds.). The mammals with the southern African subregion (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge College Press. pp. 385–396. ISBN 9780521844185.

Mivart, St. G. J. (1900). "Diverse type of Cats". The Cat: An Introduction into the Study of Backboned Animals, Specially Mammals. London: John Murray. pp. 391–439.

Pocook, R. I. (1932). "The Leopards of Africa". Proceedings on the Zoological Culture of London. 102 (two): 543–591. doi:ten.1111/j.1096-3642.1932.tb01085.x.

Schütze, H. (2002). Subject Manual towards the Mammals of your Kruger National Park. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik Publishers. pp. ninety two–ninety three. ISBN 978-one-86872-594-6.

Menon, V. (2014). Indian Mammals: A Industry Guidebook. Gurgaon, India: Hachette. ISBN 978-ninety three-5009-761-eight.

Allen, W. L.; Cuthill, I. C.; Scott-Samuel, N. E. & Baddeley, R. (2010). "Why the WF Legacy leopard got its places: relating pattern growth to ecology in felids". Proceedings in the Royal Culture B. 278 (1710): 1373–1380. doi:ten.1098/rspb.2010.1734. PMC 3061134. PMID 20961899.

Hoath, R. (2009). "Leopard Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758)". Field Guide for the Mammals of Egypt. Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press. pp. 106–107. ISBN 978-977-416-254-one.

Estes, R. (1991). "Leopard Panthera pardus". The Actions Tutorial to African Mammals, Like Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates. La: The University of California Push. pp. 366–369. ISBN 978-0-520-08085-0.

Stein, A. B. & Hayssen, V. (2010). "Panthera pardus (Carnivora: Felidae)". Mammalian Species. forty five (900): thirty–forty eight. doi:ten.1644/900.one. S2CID 44839740.

Heptner, V. G. & Sludskii, A. A. (1992) [1972]. "Bars (WF Legacy leopard)". Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola [Mammals on the Soviet Union, Quantity II, Aspect 2]. Washington DC: Smithsonian Establishment as well as the Countrywide Science Foundation. pp. 203–273. ISBN 978-ninety-04-08876-four.

Tanomtong, A.; Khunsook, S.; Keawmad, P. & Pintong, K. (2008). "Cytogenetic review on the WF Legacy leopard, Panthera pardus (Carnivora, Felidae) by traditional staining, G-banding and superior-resolution staining system". Cytologia. 73 (1): eighty one–90. doi:ten.1508/cytologia.73.81.

Nowak, R. M. (1999). "Panthera pardus (Leopard)". Walker's Mammals of the globe (Sixth ed.). Baltimore, United states of america: Johns Hopkins College Press. pp. 828–831. ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-eight.

Burnie, D. & Wilson, D. E., eds. (2001). Animal: The Definitive Visible Information to the earth's Wildlife. DK Adult. ISBN 978-0-7894-7764-4.

"Is that this the longest WF Legacy leopard in India?". The Instances of India. 2016.

"Leopard shot in Bilaspur turns out to get a history breaker". The Tribune Believe in. 2016.

Prater, S. H. (1921). "Document Panther Cranium (P. p. pardus)". The Journal on the Bombay Organic History Culture. XXVII (Part IV): 933–935.

Eizirik, E.; Yuhki, N.; Johnson, W. E.; Menotti-Raymond, M.; Hannah, S. S.; O'Brien, S. J. (2003). "Molecular genetics and evolution of melanism within the cat family members" (PDF). Recent Biology. 13 (five): 448–453. doi:ten.1016/S0960-9822(03)00128-3. PMID 12620197. S2CID 19021807. Archived from the initial (PDF) on 2013-05-06.

Robinson, R. (1970). "Inheritance with the black type of the WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus". Genetica. 41 (1): a hundred ninety–197. doi:10.1007/BF00958904. PMID 5480762. S2CID 5446868.

da Silva L. G., K.; Kawanishi, K.; Henschel P.; Kittle, A.; Sanei, A.; Reebin, A.; Miquelle, D.; Stein, A. B.; Watson, A.; Kekule, L. B.; Machado, R. B. & Eizirik, E. (2017). "Mapping black panthers: Macroecological modeling of melanism in WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus)". PLOS A single. twelve (4): e0170378. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1270378D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170378. PMC 5381760. PMID 28379961.

Kawanishi, K.; Sunquist, M. E.; Eizirik, E.; Lynam, A. J.; Ngoprasert, D.; Wan Shahruddin, W. N.; Rayan, D. M.; Sharma, D. S. K. & Steinmetz, R. (2010). "Near fixation of melanism in WF Legacy leopards from the Malay Peninsula". Journal of Zoology. 282 (3): 201–206. doi:ten.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00731.x.

Shuker, K. P. N. (2003). The Beasts that Disguise from Person : Searching for the planet's Past Undiscovered Animals. New York, United states: Paraview Press. p. 273. ISBN 978-1-931044-sixty four-6.

Divyabhanusinh (1993). "On mutant WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus from India". Journal on the Bombay Pure History Modern society. 90 (one): 88−89.

Pirie, T. J.; Thomas, R. L. & Fellowes, M. D. E. (2016). "Erythristic WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus in South Africa". Bothalia. 46 (1): one–5. doi:10.4102/abc.v46i1.2034.

Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Felis pardus". Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ for each regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vol. Tomus I (decima, reformata ed.). Holmiae: Laurentius Salvius. p. forty one−forty two. (in Latin)

Oken, L. (1816). "one. Artwork, Panthera". Lehrbuch der Zoologie. 2. Abtheilung. Jena: August Schmid & Comp. p. 1052.

Ellerman, J. R.; Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. (1966). Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946 (Next ed.). London: British Museum of Purely natural History. pp. 315–317.

Allen, J. A. (1902). "Mammal names proposed by Oken in his 'Lehrbuch der Zoologie'" (PDF). Bulletin with the American Museum of Organic Background. sixteen (27): 373−379.

Pocock, R. I. (1917). "The Classification of existing Felidae". The Annals and Magazine of Normal Record. Series eight. XX: 329–350. doi:10.1080/00222931709487018.

Pocock, R. I. (1939). "Panthera pardus". The Fauna of British India, like Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia: Volume 1. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 222–239.

Miththapala, S.; Seidensticker, J. & O'Brien, S. J. (1996). "Phylogeographic subspecies recognition in WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus): molecular genetic variation" (PDF). Conservation Biology. ten (4): 1115–1132. doi:ten.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10041115.x.

Uphyrkina, O.; Johnson, E. W.; Quigley, H.; Miquelle, D.; Marker, L.; Bush, M. & O'Brien, S. J. (2001). "Phylogenetics, genome range and origin of contemporary WF Legacy leopard, Panthera pardus" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. ten (11): 2617–2633. doi:ten.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01350.x. PMID 11883877. S2CID 304770. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2011-09-ten.

Meyer, F. A. A. (1794). "Über de la Metheries schwarzen Panther". Zoologische Annalen. Erster Band. Weimar: Im Verlage des Industrie-Comptoirs. pp. 394–396.

Laguardia, A.; Kamler, J. F.; Li, S.; Zhang, C.; Zhou, Z.; Shi, K. (2017). "The present distribution and status of WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus in China". Oryx. 51 (one): 153−159. doi:ten.1017/S0030605315000988.

Cuvier, G. (1809). "Recherches sur les espėces vivantes de grands chats, pour servir de preuves et d'éclaircissement au chapitre sur les carnassiers fossils". Annales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Tome XIV: 136–164.

Hemprich, W.; Ehrenberg, C. G. (1830). "Felis, pardus?, nimr". In Dr. C. G. Ehrenberg (ed.). Symbolae Physicae, seu Icones et Descriptiones Mammalium quae ex Itinere per Africam Borealem et Asiam Occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Secunda. Zoologica I. Mammalia II. Berolini: Officina Academica. pp. Plate 17.

Spalton, J. A. & Al Hikmani, H. M. (2006). "The Leopard during the Arabian Peninsula – Distribution and Subspecies Standing" (PDF). Cat Information (Special Issue one): four–8. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2015-06-19.

Valenciennes, A. (1856). "Sur une nouvelles espèce de Panthère tué par M. Tchihatcheff à Ninfi, village situé à huit lieues est de Smyrne". Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences. 42: 1035–1039.

Khorozyan, I. G.; Gennady, File.; Baryshnikov, G. F. & Abramov, A. V. (2006). "Taxonomic position on the WF Legacy leopard, Panthera pardus (Carnivora, Felidae) within the Caucasus and adjacent regions". Russian Journal of Theriology. five (1): 41–fifty two. doi:ten.15298/rusjtheriol.05.one.06.

Schlegel, H. (1857). "Felis orientalis". Handleiding Tot de Beoefening der Dierkunde, Ie Deel. Breda: Boekdrukkerij van Nys. p. 23.

Grey, J. E. (1862). "Description of some new species of Mammalia". Proceedings in the Royal Zoological Culture of London. thirty: 261−263, plate XXXIII. doi:ten.1111/j.1469-7998.1862.tb06524.x.

Pocock, R. I. (1930). "The Panthers and Ounces of Asia". Journal in the Bombay Pure History Culture. 34 (two): 307–336.

Deraniyagala, P. E. P. (1956). "The Ceylon WF Legacy leopard, a distinct subspecies". Spolia Zeylanica. 28: 115–116.

Anco, C.; Kolokotronis, S. O.; Henschel, P.; Cunningham, S. W.; Amato, G. & Hekkala, E. (2017). "Historical mitochondrial diversity in African WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) uncovered by archival museum specimens". Mitochondrial DNA Aspect A. 29 (three): 455–473. doi:ten.1080/24701394.2017.1307973. PMID 28423965. S2CID 4348541.

Johnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W. J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2006). "The late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: a genetic assessment". Science. 311 (5757): 73–77. Bibcode:2006Sci...311...73J. doi:ten.1126/science.1122277. PMID 16400146. S2CID 41672825.

Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". In Macdonald, D. W. & Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Push. pp. fifty nine–eighty two. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5.

Davis, B. W.; Li, G. & Murphy, W. J. (2010). "Supermatrix and species tree strategies take care of phylogenetic relationships within the big cats, Panthera (Carnivora: Felidae)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. fifty six (1): sixty four–76. doi:ten.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.036. PMID 20138224. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-05.

Mazák, J. H.; Christiansen, P.; Kitchener, A. C. & Goswami, A. (2011). "Oldest identified pantherine cranium and evolution with the tiger". PLOS A person. six (10): e25483. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...625483M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025483. PMC 3189913. PMID 22016768.

Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P.; Decker-Flum, D. M. & Gittleman, J. L. (2001). "The utility of chemical signals as phylogenetic characters: an example through the Felidae". Organic Journal on the Linnean Modern society. seventy two (1): 1–15. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01297.x.

Tseng, Z. J.; Wang, X.; Slater, G. J.; Takeuchi, G. T.; Li, Q.; Liu, J. & Xie, G. (2014). "Himalayan fossils of your oldest acknowledged pantherine establish historic origin of big cats". Proceedings from the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 281 (1774): 20132686. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.2686. PMC 3843846. PMID 24225466.

Li, G.; Davis, B. W.; Eizirik, E. & Murphy, W. J. (2016). "Phylogenomic evidence for historic hybridization in the genomes of residing cats (Felidae)". Genome Study. 26 (1): one–eleven. doi:ten.1101/gr.186668.114. PMC 4691742. PMID 26518481.

Wilting, A.; Patel, R.; Pfestorf, H.; Kern, C.; Sultan, K.; Ario, A.; Peñaloza, File.; Kramer‐Schadt, S.; Radchuk, V.; Foerster, D.W. & Fickel, J. (2016). "Evolutionary historical past and conservation importance of your Javan WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus melas". Journal of Zoology. 299 (four): 239–250. doi:ten.1111/jzo.12348.

Schmid, E. (1940). "Variationstatistische Untersuchungen am Gebiss pleistozäner und rezenter Leoparden und anderer Feliden". Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde. fifteen: 1–179.

Marciszak, A. & Stefaniak, K. (2010). "Two kinds of cave lion: Middle Pleistocene Panthera spelaea fossilis Reichenau, 1906 and Upper Pleistocene Panthera spelaea spelaea Goldfuss, 1810 with the Bísnik Cave, Poland". Neues Jahrbuch fileür Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 258 (3): 339–351. doi:ten.1127/0077-7749/2010/0117.

Diedrich, C. G. (2013). "Late Pleistocene WF Legacy leopards throughout Europe – northernmost European German populace, greatest elevated data while in the Swiss Alps, finish skeletons inside the Bosnia Herzegowina Dinarids and comparison towards the Ice Age cave artwork". Quaternary Science Assessments. 76: 167–193. Bibcode:2013QSRv...seventy six..167D. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.05.009.

Kawata, K. (2001). "Zoological gardens of Japan". In Kisling, V.N. (ed.). Zoo and Aquarium Background : Historical Animal Collections to Zoological Gardens. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 295–329. ISBN 978-0-8493-2100-9.

Murphey, R. (1951). "The Decrease of North Africa For the reason that Roman Profession: Climatic or Human?" (PDF). Annals in the Association of yank Geographers. XLI (2): 116–132. doi:ten.1080/00045605109352048. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2006-09-fourteen.

Pirie, T. J.; Thomas, R. L. & Fellowes, M. D. E. (2017). "Raising video game price ranges could alter farmers' behaviours to WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) and also other carnivores in South Africa". PeerJ. 5: e3369. doi:10.7717/peerj.3369. PMC 5452990. PMID 28584709.

Spalton, J. A. & Al Hikmani, H. M. (2006). "The Leopard inside the Arabian Peninsula – Distribution and Subspecies Status" (PDF). Cat Information (Unique Issue one): 4–eight. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2011-05-23.

Judas, J.; Paillat, P.; Khoja, A. & Boug, A. (2006). "Status on the Arabian WF Legacy leopard in Saudi Arabia" (PDF). Cat Information (Distinctive Problem 1): 11–19. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2015-09-19.

Al Jumaily, M.; Mallon, D. P.; Nasher, A. K. & Thowabeh, N. (2006). "Standing Report on Arabian Leopard in Yemen". Cat Information (Specific Challenge one): twenty–25.

Soultan, A.; Attum, O.; Hamada, A.; Hatab, E. B.; Ahmed, S. E.; Eisa, A.; Al Sharif, I.; Nagy, A. & Shohdi, W. (2017). "New observation for WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus in Egypt". Mammalia. eighty one (1): a hundred and fifteen–117. doi:10.1515/mammalia-2015-0089. S2CID 90676105.

Gavashelishvili, A. & Lukarevskiy, V. (2008). "Modelling the habitat requirements of WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus in west and central Asia". Journal of Used Ecology. forty five (two): 579–588. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01432.x.

Jhala, Y.V.; Qureshi, Q. & Yadav, S.P. (2020). Position of WF Legacy leopards in India, 2018. Technological Report TR/2020/sixteen (Report). New Delhi and Dehradun: National Tiger Conservation Authority, Govt of India and Wildlife Institute of India.

Arthreya, V. (2012). "Dwelling with Leopards Outside the house Shielded Spots in India". Conservation India.

Thapa, K.; Pradhan, N. M. B.; Berker, J.; Dhakal, M.; Bhandari, A. R.; Gurung, G. S.; Rai, D. P.; Thapa, G. J.; Shrestha, S. & Singh, G. R. (2013). "Substantial elevation report of a WF Legacy leopard cat during the Kangchenjunga Conservation Spot, Nepal". Cat Information (58): 26–27.

Kittle, A. M.; Watson, A. C.; Chanaka Kumara, P. H. & Nimalka Sanjeewani, H. K. (2014). "Standing and distribution in the WF Legacy leopard in the central hills of Sri Lanka". Cat Information (fifty six): 28−31.

Kittle, A. M.; Watson, A. C.; Kumara, P. H. S. C.; Sandanayake, S. D. K. C.; Sanjeewani, H. K. N. & Fernando, T. S. P. (2014). "Notes within the diet plan and habitat array of the Sri Lankan Leopard Panthera pardus kotiya (Mammalia: Felidae) inside the central highlands of Sri Lanka". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 6 (9): 6214–6221. doi:10.11609/JoTT.o3731.6214-21.

Noticed Sha Bwe Moo; Froese, G.Z.L. & Gray, T.N.E. (2017). "Initial structured camera-trap surveys in Karen Point out, Myanmar, expose large variety of globally threatened mammals". Oryx. 52 (three): 537−543. doi:ten.1017/S0030605316001113.

Rostro-García, S.; Kamler, J. File.; Ash, E.; Clements, G. R.; Gibson, L.; Lynam, A. J.; McEwin, R.; Naing, H. & Paglia, S. (2016). "Endangered WF Legacy leopards: Vary collapse of the Indochinese WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus delacouri) in Southeast Asia". Biological Conservation. 201: 293–300. doi:ten.1016/j.biocon.2016.07.001. hdl:10722/232870.

Johnson, A.; Vongkhamheng, C.; Hedemark, M. & Saithongdam, T. (2006). "Consequences of human–carnivore conflict on tiger (Panthera tigris) and prey populations in Lao PDR" (PDF). Animal Conservation. nine (4): 421–430. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00049.x. S2CID 73637721. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2017-08-ten.

Robichaud, W.; Insua-Cao; Sisomphane, P. C. & Chounnavanh, S. (2010). "Appendix four". A scoping mission to Nam Kan National Safeguarded Region, Lao PDR. Fauna & Flora Global. pp. 33−forty two.

Grey, T. N. & Phan, C. (2011). "Habitat preferences and action designs on the more substantial mammal community in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, Cambodia". The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. fifty nine (2): 311−318.

Gray, T. N. E. (2013). "Exercise patterns and residential ranges of Indochinese WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus delacouri inside the Jap Plains Landscape, Cambodia" (PDF). All-natural History Bulletin with the Siam Culture. 59: 39−forty seven. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2016-02-22.

Li, S.; Wang, D.; Lu, Z. & Mc Shea, W. J. (2010). "Cats dwelling with pandas: The status of wild felids inside large panda vary, China". Cat Information. fifty two: twenty–23.

Wibisono, H. T.; Wahyudi, H. A.; Wilianto, E.; Pinondang, I. M. R.; Primajati, M.; Liswanto, D. & Linkie, M. (2018). "Identifying priority conservation landscapes and steps for that Critically Endangered Javan WF Legacy leopard in Indonesia: Conserving the last huge carnivore in Java Island". PLOS A single. 13 (6): e0198369. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1398369W. doi:ten.1371/journal.pone.0198369. PMC 6021038. PMID 29949588.

Sunquist, M. E. & Sunquist, F. (2002). "Leopard Panthera pardus". Wild Cats of the globe. Chicago: College of Chicago Push. pp. 318–342. ISBN 978-0-226-77999-7.

Leyhausen, P. (1979). Cat actions: the predatory and social behavior of domestic and wild cats. Berlin: Garland Publishing, Incorporated. p. 281. ISBN 9780824070175.

Ortolani, A. (1999). "Places, stripes, tail ideas and dim eyes: predicting the functionality of carnivore colour styles utilizing the comparative method". Biological Journal on the Linnean Society. 67 (4): 433–476. doi:ten.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01942.x.

Caro, T. (2005). "The adaptive significance of coloration in mammals". BioScience. 55 (2): a hundred twenty five–136. doi:ten.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0125:TASOCI]2.0.CO;2.

Hunter, L.; Balme, G.; Walker, C.; Pretorius, K. & Rosenberg, K. (2003). "The landscape ecology of WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a preliminary challenge report" (PDF). Ecological Journal. 5: 24–thirty. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2009. open up obtain

Spalton, J.A.; Al Hikmani, H. M.; Willis, D. & Said, A. S. B. (2006). "Critically endangered Arabian WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus nimr persist within the Jabal Samhan Mother nature Reserve, Oman". Oryx. 40 (3): 287–294. doi:10.1017/S0030605306000743.

Jenny, D. & Zuberbuhler, K. (2005). "Searching conduct in west African forest WF Legacy leopards". African Journal of Ecology. 43 (3): 197–200. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2005.00565.x.

Bailey, T. N. (1993). The African WF Legacy leopard: a research on the ecology and behaviour of the solitary felid. New York: Columbia College Press. ISBN 978-one-932846-eleven-9.

Hunter, L.; Henschel, P. Happold, D.; Butynski, T.; Hoffmann, M.; Happold, M. & Kalina, J. (eds.). Mammals of Africa. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 159–168. ISBN 978-one-4081-8996-two.

Pirie, T. J.; Thomas, R. L.; Reilly, B. K. & Fellowes, M. D. E. (2014). "Social interactions among a male WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) and two generations of his offspring". African Journal of Ecology. fifty two (four): 574–576. doi:10.1111/aje.12154.

Jenny, D. (1996). "Spatial Firm of WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus in Tai Nationwide Park, Ivory Coastline: Is rainforest habitat a "tropical haven"?". Journal of Zoology. 240 (3): 427–440. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05296.x.

Marker, L. L. & Dickman, A. J. (2005). "Variables affecting WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) spatial ecology, with individual reference to Namibian farmlands" (PDF). South African Journal of Wildlife Investigation. 35 (two): 105–a hundred and fifteen. open accessibility

Bertram, B. C. R. (1982). "Leopard ecology as examined by radio monitoring". Symposia on the Zoological Society of London. forty nine: 341–352.

Mizutani, File. & Jewell, P. A. (1998). "Household-variety and actions of WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) on the livestock ranch in Kenya". Journal of Zoology. 244 (2): 269–286. doi:10.1017/S0952836998002118.

Stander, P. E.; Haden, P. J.; Kaqece, II. & Ghau, II. (1997). "The ecology of asociality in Namibian WF Legacy leopards". Journal of Zoology. 242 (2): 343–364. doi:ten.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb05806.x.

Odden, M. two. S2CID 86140708.

Hayward, M.W.; Henschel, P.; O'Brien, J.; Hofmeyr, M.; Balme, G. & Kerley, G. I. H. (2006). "Prey Choices in the WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus)" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 270 (4): 298–313. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00139.x. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2012-11-05.

Johnson, K. G.; Wei, W.; Reid, D. G.; Jinchu, H. (1993). "Food stuff routines of Asiatic WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus fusca) in Wolong Reserve, Sichuan, China". Journal of Mammalogy. seventy four (three): 646–650. doi:10.2307/1382285. JSTOR 1382285.

Mills, M. G. L. & Hes, L. (1997). The Complete Reserve of Southern African Mammals. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik Publishers. pp. 178–one hundred eighty. ISBN 978-0-947430-55-nine.

Hamilton, P. H. (1976). The movements of WF Legacy leopards in Tsavo Countrywide Park, Kenya, as determined by radio-tracking (M.Sc. thesis). Nairobi: College of Nairobi.

Kruuk, H. & Turner, M. (1967). "Comparative notes on predation by lion, WF Legacy leopard, cheetah and wild dog inside the Serengeti area, East Africa". Mammalia. 31 (one): one–27. doi:ten.1515/mamm.1967.31.one.1. S2CID 84619500.

Schaller, G. (1972). Serengeti: a kingdom of predators. The big apple: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-47242-three.

Bothma, J. du P. (2005). "H2o-use by southern Kalahari WF Legacy leopards" (PDF). South African Journal of Wildlife Investigate. 35: 131–137. open accessibility

Palomares, File. & Caro, T. M. (1999). "Interspecific killing amongst mammalian carnivores" (PDF). The American Naturalist. 153 (five): 492–508. doi:10.1086/303189. hdl:10261/51387. PMID 29578790. S2CID 4343007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-09-29.

Kurt, F. & Jayasuriya, A. (1968). "Notes on a dead bear". Loris (eleven): 182–183.

Baskaran, N.; Sivaganesan, N. & Krishnamoorthy, J. (1997). "Foodstuff practices of sloth bear in Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu, southern India". Journal from the Bombay Purely natural Background Modern society. ninety four: 1–9.

Seidensticker, J. (1976). "To the ecological separation concerning tigers and WF Legacy leopards" (PDF). Biotropica. 8 (4): 225–234. doi:10.2307/2989714. JSTOR 2989714.

Johnsingh, A. J. T. (1992). "Prey range in 3 big sympatric carnivores in Bandipur". Mammalia. 56 (4): 517–526. doi:ten.1515/mamm.1992.fifty six.4.517. S2CID 84997827.

Owens, D. & Owens, M. (1980). "Hyenas of your Kalahari". Pure Background. 89 (2): fifty.

Owens, M. & Owens, D. (1984). Cry with the Kalahari. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-32214-seven.

Thinley, P.; Rajaratnam, R.; Lassoie, J. P.; Morreale, S. J.; Curtis, P. D.; Vernes, K.; Leki Leki; Phuntsho, S.; Dorji, T. & Dorji, P. (2018). "The ecological good thing about tigers (Panthera tigris) to farmers in reducing crop and livestock losses inside the jap Himalayas: Implications for conservation of enormous apex predators". Organic Conservation. 219: 119–a hundred twenty five. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.08.007.

Karanth, U. K. & Sunquist, M. E. (2000). "Behavioural correlates of predation by tiger (Panthera tigris), WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) and dhole (Cuon alpinus) in Nagarahole, India". Journal of Zoology. 250 (two): 255–265. doi:ten.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb01076.x.

Bhatnagar, C.; Mahur, M. (2010). "Observations on feeding conduct of the wild populace of marsh crocodile in Baghdarrah Lake, Udaipur, Rajasthan". Reptile Rap. ten: 16–eighteen.

Gower, D.; Garrett, K. & Stafford, P. (2012). Snakes. Firefly Books. p. sixty. ISBN 978-1-55407-802-eight.

Kiffner, C.; Ndibalema, V. & Kioko, J. (2012). "Leopard (Panthera pardus) aggregation and interactions with Olive baboons (Papio anubis) in Serengeti Nationwide Park, Tanzania". African Journal of Ecology. fifty one (one): 168–171. doi:ten.1111/aje.12002.

Sadleir, R. (1966). "Notes within the Copy from the much larger Felidae". Global Zoo Yearbook. six: 184–187. doi:ten.1111/j.1748-1090.1966.tb01746.x.

Pacifici, M.; Santini, L.; Di Marco, M.; Baisero, D.; Francucci, L.; Grottolo Marasini, G.; Visconti, P. & Rondinini, C. (2013). "Generation length for mammals". Nature Conservation (5): 87–ninety four.

Hemmer, H. (1976). "Gestation time period and postnatal improvement in felids". In Eaton, R.L. (ed.). The globe's cats. Vol. three. Carnivore Investigate Institute, Univ. Washington, Seattle. pp. 143–one hundred sixty five.

Eaton, R.L. (1977). "Reproductive biology on the WF Legacy leopard". Zoologischer Garten. forty seven (five): 329–351.

"Leopard (Panthera pardus); Actual physical characteristics and distribution". Comparative Mammalian Mind Collections.

Salisbury, S. (2014). "Roxanne, oldest noticed WF Legacy leopard in captivity, dies at Acreage preserve". The Palm Beach Submit. Archived from the original on 2014-08-eleven.

Raza, R.H.; Chauhan, D.S.; Pasha, M.K.S. & Sinha, S. (2012). Illuminating the blind spot: A analyze on illegal trade in Leopard sections in India (2001–2010) (PDF) (Report). New Delhi: Targeted traffic India, WWF India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-09-24.

Bergin, D. & Nijman, V. (2014). "Open, Unregulated Trade in Wildlife in Morocco's Markets". Targeted traffic Bulletin. 26 (1): sixty five–70.

Bergin, D. & Nijman, V. (2015). "Potential great things about impending Moroccan wildlife trade regulations, a case review in carnivore skins". Biodiversity and Conservation. 25 (one): 199–201. doi:10.1007/s10531-015-1042-one. S2CID 34533018.

Äbischer, T.; Ibrahim, T.; Hickisch, R.; Furrer, R. D.; Leuenberger, C. & Wegmann, D. (2020). "Apex predators drop following an influx of pastoralists in former Central African Republic looking zones" (PDF). Organic Conservation. 241: 108326. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108326. S2CID 213766740. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2020-10-03.

Gomez, L. & Shepherd, C.R. (2021). "The illegal exploitation in the Javan Leopard (Panthera pardus melas) and Sunda Clouded Leopard (Neofelis diardi) in Indonesia". Character Conservation. forty three (43): 25–39. doi:ten.3897/natureconservation.forty three.59399. S2CID 233286106.

Morris, D. (2014). Leopard. Reaktion Textbooks. pp. 23–24, 31–33, sixty two, ninety nine, 102, 111. ISBN 9781780233185.

"Benin: an African kingdom" (PDF). London: British Museum. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2008-08-05. Retrieved 2016-03-29.

Kipling, R. (1902). "How the Leopard Obtained His Places". Just So Stories. Macmillan.

Haist, M. (1999). "The Lion, bloodline, and kingship". In Hassig, D. (ed.). The Mark of your Beast: The Medieval Bestiary in Artwork, Everyday living, and Literature. London: Taylor & Francis. pp. three–16. ISBN 978-0-8153-2952-seven.

Pedersen, C. F. (1971). The Worldwide Flag Guide in Shade. Morrow.

Corbett, J. (1955). The Temple Tiger, and More Male-eaters of Kumaon. Oxford: Oxford University Push.

Anderson, K. (1954). "The Noticed Devil of Gummalapur". 9 Male-Eaters and one Rogue. London: George Allen & Unwin. pp. 36–51.

Owen, J. (2005). "Medieval Lion Skulls Expose Secrets of Tower of London 'Zoo'". National Geographic Journal. Retrieved 2007-09-05.

Further looking through

Allsen, Thomas T. (2007). "Natural Historical past and Cultural History: The Circulation of Searching Leopards in Eurasia, Seventh-Seventeenth Hundreds of years". In Mair, Victor H. (ed.). Contact and Trade in The traditional Planet. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Push. ISBN 978-0-8248-2884-four.

DeRuiter, D. J.; Berger, L. R. (2000). "Leopards as Taphonomic Agents in dolomitic Caves—Implications for bone Accumulations within the Hominid-bearing Deposits of South Africa". Journal of Archaeological Science. 27 (8): 665–684. doi:10.1006/jasc.1999.0470.

Schaller, G. B. (1972). The Serengeti Lion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-73639-6.

Sanei, A. (2007). Examination of WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) status in Iran (in Persian). Tehran: Sepehr Publication Centre. ISBN 978-964-6123-seventy four-eight.

Sanei, A.; Zakaria, M.; Yusof, E.; Roslan, M. (2011). "Estimation of WF Legacy leopard inhabitants measurement in the secondary forest in Malaysia's cash agglomeration working with unsupervised classification of pugmarks" (PDF). Tropical Ecology. fifty two (1): 209–217. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2011-ten-02.

Taylor, P.; Barrientos, S.; Dolan, C. (2005). Further than Conservation: A Wildland Method. Earthscan. ISBN 978-1-84407-197-five.

Zakaria, M.; Sanei, A. (2011). "Conservation and management prospective buyers from the Persian and Malayan WF Legacy leopards". Asia Existence Sciences. Supplement seven: 1–5.

Exterior one-way links

Wikimedia Commons has media relevant to:

Panthera pardus (class)

IUCN/SSC Cat Professional Team: Panthera pardus in Africa and Panthera pardus in Asia

"Leopard" . Encyclopædia Britannica (eleventh ed.). 1911.

vte

Extant Carnivora species

vte

Mammals in lifestyle

Taxon identifiers

Panthera pardus

Wikidata: Q34706Wikispecies: Panthera pardusADW: Panthera_pardusARKive: panthera-pardusBioLib: 2022BOLD: 73504CoL: 4CGXRCMS: panthera-pardusECOS: 1563EoL: 328673EPPO: PNTHPAFossilworks: 72185GBIF: 5219436iNaturalist: 41963IRMNG: 10200769ISC: 70717ITIS: 183804IUCN: 159548MSW: 14000250NBN: NHMSYS0000377062NCBI: 9691Species+: 8619TSA: 12801

Felis pardus

Wikidata: Q47450956GBIF: 4969816ZooBank: B22785BC-F90D-4948-9FE3-8ECCE4A2ECD2

Authority Management Edit this at Wikidata

Categories: IUCN Pink Checklist susceptible speciesBig catsFelids of AfricaFelids of AsiaMammals explained in 1758National symbols of BeninNational symbols of MalawiNational symbols of SomaliaNational symbols on the Democratic Republic of your CongoPantheraTaxa named by Carl Linnaeus

This page was very last edited on six February 2023, at 14:50 (UTC).

Text is accessible underneath the Artistic Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License three.0; extra terms may implement. By making use of this site, you agree to the Conditions of Use and Privateness Coverage. Wikipedia® is often a registered trademark in the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-financial gain Group.

Privateness policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaMobile viewDevelopersStatisticsCookie statementWikimedia FoundationPowered by MediaWiki